India's Leading Exporter of Hand pumps & Treadle Pumps
| Step | Type Of Service | Water source | Quality Protection | Water use LPCD* | Energy source | Operation and maintenance needs | Costs | General remarks |
| 5 | House Connections | Groundwater Surface water Spring | Good, no treatment May need treatment Good, no treatment | 100 To150 | Gravity Electric Diesel | WeIl Trained operator;Reliable fuel and chemical supplies;many spare parts: wastewater disposal | High capital and 0&M costs, except for gravity schemes | Most desirable service level, but high resource needs |
| 4 | Yardtaps | Groundwater Surface water Spring | Good. no treatment May need treatment Good, no treatment | 50 to 100 | Gravity Electric Diesel | Well trained operator; reliable fuel and chemical supplies: many spare parts | High capital and 0&M costs. except gravity schemes | Very good access to safe water: fuel and institutional support critical |
| 3 | Stand pipes | Groundwater Surface water Spring | Good, no treatment May need treatment Good. no treatment | 10 to 40 | Gravity Electric Diesel Wind Solar | Well trained operator; reliable fuel and chemical supplies: many spare parts | Moderate capital and 0&M costs. except gravity schemes; collection time | Good access to safe water: cost competitive with handpumps at high pumping lifts |
| 2 | Handpumps | Groundwater | Good. no treatment | 10 to40 | Manual | Trained repairer: few spare parts | Low capital and 0&M costs; collection time | Good access to safe water: sustainable by villagers |
| 1 | Improved traditional sources (partially protected) |
Groundwater Surface water Spring Rainwater |
Variable Poor Variable Good. If protected |
10 to 40 | Manual | General upkeep | Very low capital and 0&M costs: collection time | Improvement if traditional source was badly contaminated |
| o | Traditional sources (unprotected) |
Surface water Groundwater Spring Rainwater |
Poor Poor Variable Variable |
10 to 40 | Manual | General upkeep | Low 0&M costs (buckets,etc.) Collection time | Starting point for supply improvement |
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it's about effervescence...
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